What Is Kerosene? A Complete Guide to This Versatile Fuel

Kerosene is a widely used and highly versatile fuel with applications ranging from home heating to aviation. In the UK, kerosene is primarily used for domestic heating, particularly in rural areas where households rely on oil-fired central heating systems. However, its benefits extend beyond home use, making it a valuable fuel for various industrial, agricultural, and even recreational purposes.

If you’ve ever wondered what kerosene is, how it’s made, and whether it's the right fuel for your needs, this guide provides an in-depth look at everything you need to know about this essential fuel source.

What Is Kerosene?

Kerosene is a liquid fossil fuel derived from crude oil through a refining process called fractional distillation. It is a clear to pale yellow liquid with a distinctive odour. In the UK, it is commonly referred to as heating oil, paraffin, or 28-second oil when used for heating applications.

Kerosene is valued for its high energy efficiency, clean-burning properties, and affordability, making it an essential fuel for households and businesses alike.

How Is Kerosene Produced?

Kerosene is produced through a refining process known as fractional distillation. This involves:

1. Crude Oil Extraction – Raw crude oil is extracted from underground reserves and transported to refineries.
2. Distillation – The crude oil is heated in a distillation column, separating different fuel types based on their boiling points. Kerosene is extracted at a temperature range of approximately 150-250°C.
3. Purification – Impurities such as sulphur are removed to produce a cleaner-burning fuel.
4. Blending and Storage – Additives may be introduced to enhance its performance, such as stabilisers or anti-freezing agents, before it is stored and distributed to consumers.

This refining process ensures kerosene is safe, efficient, and suitable for a wide range of uses.

Uses of Kerosene in the UK

1. Domestic Heating

One of the most common uses of kerosene in the UK is for heating homes, particularly in rural and off-grid properties. Many households use kerosene-fired boilers and central heating systems to keep their homes warm during the colder months.

2. Aviation Fuel

Kerosene serves as the primary fuel for jet engines. In aviation, it is refined into Jet A1 fuel, which powers commercial and military aircraft.

3. Agricultural Applications

Farmers use kerosene for various purposes, including fuel for machinery, grain dryers, and heating livestock shelters. Its affordability and efficiency make it a practical choice for agricultural operations.

4. Industrial and Commercial Use

Industries rely on kerosene for fuel-powered generators, manufacturing processes, and portable heating units. It is also used in metalworking and glassmaking due to its high-energy output.

5. Camping and Outdoor Activities

Kerosene is a popular fuel for outdoor stoves, lanterns, and portable heaters, making it a reliable energy source for camping, fishing, and outdoor adventures.

6. Emergency and Backup Heating

In cases of power outages, kerosene heaters provide a dependable backup heating source, ensuring homes and businesses remain warm even during disruptions.

Types of Kerosene

Kerosene comes in different grades, each suited for specific applications:

1. Standard Kerosene (28-Second Heating Oil)

• The most commonly used type in UK households.
• Known for its clean burn and low sulphur content.
• Used in domestic heating systems, boilers, and cookers.

2. Premium Kerosene

• A higher-quality version with added performance-enhancing additives.
• Produces less soot and deposits, improving boiler efficiency.
• Offers better cold-weather performance, reducing the risk of fuel gelling.

3. Industrial Kerosene

• Used for industrial machinery, manufacturing, and large-scale heating applications.
• Often contains different additives to meet specific industry requirements.

4. Aviation Kerosene (Jet A1 Fuel)

• Specially refined for use in jet engines and aircraft.
• Has a higher purity level compared to domestic kerosene.

Each type of kerosene serves a unique purpose, so choosing the right one depends on its intended application.

Advantages of Using Kerosene

1. Cost-Effective

Kerosene is one of the most affordable heating fuels in the UK, making it a budget-friendly option for homes and businesses.

2. High Energy Efficiency

It provides excellent heat output per litre, ensuring efficient heating with minimal fuel consumption.

3. Clean Burning

Modern kerosene burns cleanly, producing fewer emissions compared to other fossil fuels like coal or diesel.

4. Versatility

Kerosene can be used in multiple applications, from home heating to aviation, making it a highly adaptable fuel.

5. Long Shelf Life

When stored properly, kerosene has a long shelf life, remaining stable for up to five years without significant degradation.

6. Reliable in Cold Weather

Premium kerosene is resistant to freezing, making it a dependable fuel for UK winters.

How to Store Kerosene Safely

Proper storage is essential to maintain kerosene's quality and safety. Follow these guidelines:

• Use Approved Storage Tanks – Store kerosene in plastic or metal containers designed for fuel storage.
• Keep Away from Direct Sunlight – Store in a cool, dry place to prevent degradation.
• Check for Leaks – Regularly inspect storage tanks for cracks or leaks.
• Avoid Contamination – Keep the fuel away from water and dirt to maintain purity.
• Follow Legal Regulations – In the UK, storing over 1,500 litres requires compliance with local regulations.

Proper storage ensures safety, efficiency, and longevity of your kerosene supply.

Is Kerosene Environmentally Friendly?

While kerosene is a fossil fuel, advancements in refining and cleaner-burning formulations have reduced its environmental impact. However, it still emits carbon dioxide when burned. To minimise environmental effects, consider:

• Using Premium Kerosene – It burns cleaner and produces fewer emissions.
• Maintaining Heating Equipment – Regular servicing improves efficiency and reduces fuel consumption.
• Exploring Alternative Fuels – Sustainable options like HVO (Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil) are gaining popularity as a cleaner alternative to kerosene.

While kerosene remains a practical fuel choice, future innovations may provide greener alternatives for heating and energy needs.

Conclusion

Kerosene is a highly efficient, cost-effective, and versatile fuel used widely across the UK. Whether for home heating, aviation, agriculture, or industrial applications, it remains a reliable energy source with numerous advantages.

By choosing the right type of kerosene, storing it safely, and using it efficiently, you can maximise its benefits while minimising costs and environmental impact.

With ongoing advancements in fuel technology, kerosene is expected to remain a valuable resource for years to come. However, as the UK moves towards cleaner energy solutions, alternative fuels may shape the future of heating and energy consumption.

Summary

• Kerosene is a widely used fuel for heating, aviation, and industrial applications.
• It is derived from crude oil through fractional distillation.
• Common types include standard kerosene, premium kerosene, industrial kerosene, and Jet A1 fuel.
• Advantages include affordability, high efficiency, clean burning, and long shelf life.
• Proper storage and handling are essential to maintain kerosene’s quality and safety.
• While not fully eco-friendly, cleaner-burning versions and alternative fuels are emerging.

By understanding kerosene’s uses, benefits, and best practices, UK consumers can make informed decisions about their heating and energy needs.