that gender earnings differential gives rise to gender poverty

by yixue327 Beside considering gender-specific differences in human capital, employment, family structure, and labor market attributes in the study of gender inequality in poverty (although the form and magnitude of these factors are expected to vary substantially across racial and tiffany on sale ethnic lines), the present paper aims to determine why Black women are particularly susceptible to high poverty and welfare dependency rates. The role of labor market factors (such as employment/unemployment status, education levels, and earnings levels) are analyzed.

Also, the impact of other factors like the average yearly level of social assistance payments received by a Black female, marital status, and fertility rate (number of children), are analyzed. A comparative analysis of the relative causal effects of these factors on the degrees of poverty among Black females and White females on the one hand, and Black females and Black males on the other, across four regional categories of the U.S., is carried out to highlight the main factors (if any) in Black feminization of poverty. And two issues are examined: whether relative Black feminization of poverty is affected by regional differences across the U.S.; and whether relative Black feminization of poverty is impacted equally or teardrop rings differently at the national level relative to the regional levels by those socio-economic variables.

If it is safe to assume that gender earnings differential gives rise to gender poverty gap, then we can observe that these phenomena have attracted much research which have explained them in terms of a number of factors ranging from labor market issues to social factors. tiffany The labor market related issues include pay differences that reflect employment segregation between male-dominated and female-dominated jobs (McCall, 2001; Kunze, 2000; Oaxaca, 1973), and the problem of labor market discrimination against women (Noonan et al, 2003; Mehra and Gammage, 1999). The social factors include the disproportionate level of "social burden" that women tend to bear relative to men (Budig and England, 2001; Beneria, 2000). Some recent U.S.-wide studies (Families and Work Institute, New York, 2003) indicate that while the average hourly earnings of women is about 86 percent of men's, their annual earnings is only 69 percent of men's.

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