Common Thyroid Disorders: Hypothyroidism vs. Hyperthyroidism

If you're experiencing fatigue, unexplained weight changes, or mood swings, your thyroid gland might be the underlying cause. A simple TFT test can help you diagnose common thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Learn about the causes, its symptoms, and treatment options for hypo- and hyperthyroidism.

What is the Thyroid Gland?

The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of your neck. It plays a crucial role in regulating your body's metabolism by producing thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). When the thyroid gland malfunctions, it can lead to either an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) or an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism).

Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid)

Hypothyroidism occurs when your thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones. The most common cause is Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune disorder. Other causes include iodine deficiency, thyroid surgery, and certain medications.

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

• Fatigue and weakness
• Weight gain
• Cold intolerance
• Constipation
• Dry skin and hair
• Depression or "brain fog"
• Slow heart rate

Diagnosing Hypothyroidism

If you experience thyroid symptoms, your doctor may recommend a thyroid test called a Thyroid Function Test (TFT test). This blood test measures your levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (T4). Elevated TSH with low T4 confirms a diagnosis of hypothyroidism.

Treating Hypothyroidism

The standard treatment for hypothyroidism is lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy with levothyroxine, a synthetic form of T4. Your doctor will monitor your thyroid hormone levels regularly to ensure the proper dosage.

Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid)

Hyperthyroidism occurs when your thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, causing your body's metabolism to speed up. The most common cause is Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder. Other causes include toxic nodular goitre, thyroiditis, and excessive iodine intake.

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

• Weight loss despite normal appetite
• Heat intolerance and excessive sweating
• Nervousness, irritability, and restlessness
• Tremors
• Rapid or irregular heart rate
• Frequent bowel movements or diarrhoea
• Muscle weakness
• Sleep disturbances

Diagnosing Hyperthyroidism

A TFT test is also used to diagnose hyperthyroidism. In this case, the blood test will show suppressed TSH with elevated free T4 and/or T3 levels.

Treating Hyperthyroidism

Treatment options for hyperthyroidism include:

• Antithyroid medications to reduce hormone production
• Radioactive iodine therapy to destroy overactive thyroid tissue
• Beta-blockers to control symptoms like rapid heart rate
• Surgery (thyroidectomy) in select cases

Comparing Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism

Feature	Hypothyroidism	Hyperthyroidism
Thyroid hormone levels	Low T4, High TSH	High T4/T3, Low TSH
Metabolic rate	Decreased	Increased
Weight	Gain	Loss
Energy levels	Fatigue, lethargy	Nervousness, restlessness
Temperature tolerance	Cold intolerance	Heat intolerance
Heart rate	Slow	Rapid/irregular
Skin	Dry, coarse	Thin, sweaty
Bowel habits	Constipation	Frequent bowel movements/diarrhoea

Thyroid Test Price

The thyroid test price may vary depending on the specific tests ordered and the laboratory performing them. However, most thyroid tests are relatively affordable and covered by insurance plans. Consult with your doctor and insurance provider to determine the exact cost of your test.

Conclusion

Thyroid disorders can significantly impact your overall health and quality of life. By understanding the differences between hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism and recognising the common thyroid symptoms, you can take proactive steps to manage your thyroid health.