SD, DD & CD in Construction: A Guide to Architectural Design Phases

Tech Innovation

Sep 24, 2025

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The American Institute of Architects (AIA) divides architectural services into Schematic Design (SD), Design Development (DD), and Construction Documents (CD). Each phase is essential to keeping projects on time, within budget, and aligned with building codes.

Schematic Design (SD)

In Schematic Design, the architect, designers, and consultants develop an outline structure in the owner’s presence. Conceptual plans showing scale, form, and relationships are created, and jurisdictional requirements and permits are considered. Designs may evolve several times, helping the team evaluate scope and objectives.

Deliverables at the end of SD include floor plans, schematic site plans, building sections, exterior elevations, descriptions of building elements, and various visuals. Approval from the owner(s) is required to proceed to DD.

Benefits of SD

SD allows architects to envision different design options and helps clients visualize layouts and aesthetics.
Potential design challenges are identified early, reducing costly modifications later.
Close collaboration between the architect and client ensures designs align with the client’s vision.

Design Development (DD)

After the SD phase, the Design Development phase further develops structural systems, building systems, materials, and dimensions. Construction drawings are developed, and SD may require alterations based on discoveries in this phase.

Deliverables at the end of DD include dimensioned floor plans, comprehensive sections, detailed elevations, and initial specifications. Cost consultants may be called upon to verify estimates before proceeding to the next phase.

Benefits of DD

The design becomes clearer and more representative of the final project.
Coordination of structural, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems is integrated.
Materials and specifications become finalized.
Ensures design compliance with local codes and regulations.

Construction Documents (CD)

In this phase, no design changes are made; instead, full plans and specifications are prepared describing the project in detail. These documents include information about structural and mechanical systems, materials, and all other design elements.

Benefits of CD

They provide precise construction drawings and specifications, reducing errors during building.
A detailed CD set supports accurate contractor bids and fewer disputes.
It streamlines permit acquisition, as authorities get complete and precise information.
Contractors use the CD set during construction to ensure the project is built as intended.

Why Outsource SD, DD & CD?

Outsourcing architectural phases offers benefits like improved project clarity, technically sound drawings, cost savings, and accelerated turnaround. It enables collaboration across architects, engineers, contractors, and fabricators, streamlining processes at every stage.

In Conclusion

Architectural phases like SD, DD, and CD help ensure the timely and smooth completion of construction projects. Outsourcing these phases helps deliver accurate, detailed deliverables that align with project goals.

Read the detailed guide to Architectural Design Phases: SD, DD & CD

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