Knowing Arthritis: Can a Bone Density Test Detect It?

A bone density test does not show arthritis. Rather, it indicates an individual’s bone density. Physicians utilise it to identify osteoporosis, a condition in which bones become fragile and susceptible to breaks. Arthritis is a joint condition, so doctors do not use bone density tests to diagnose it. Nonetheless, they might suggest the test for individuals with rheumatoid arthritis due to their greater prevalence of osteoporosis compared to the general population. This article examines bone density tests and their potential necessity for individuals with arthritis. We also explore additional diagnostic tests for arthritis and alternative applications for a bone density test.

What is a test for bone density?

A bone density examination is a painless process akin to an X-ray that involves no preparation. The screening lasts about 15 minutes and assesses the strength, or mineral density, of bones in the hip and lower back. Doctors might suggest a peripheral bone density test as a screening measure to assess whether a standard bone density test is needed for certain individuals. A peripheral test assesses bone density in the:

• Heel
• Forearm
• Wrist
• Fingers

 A bone density test assesses if individuals might have osteoporosis, a condition exhibiting weakened bones and an increased likelihood of fractures. The Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion indicates that osteoporosis is symptomless, so an individual might remain unaware of having the condition until they fracture a bone. Typically, the outcomes of a bone density examination include a T-score that contrasts an individual's bone density with that of a healthy individual.

Scores in the “+” range indicate that a person possesses above-average bone density, whereas a score in the “-” range signifies that they have below-average bone density. Consequently, a lower score indicates a decrease in bone density.

 The system for scoring is outlined as:

• Normal: A T-score within the range of +1 to -1.
• Decreased bone density: A T-score ranging from -1 to -2.5.
• Osteoporosis: A T-score of -2.5 or beneath.

 Does it indicate arthritis?

 Scores from bone density tests do not signify arthritis, an inflammatory disorder affecting the joints. Nonetheless, a physician might request this screening for rheumatoid arthritis since individuals with arthritis often exhibit low bone mineral density. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) states that people with rheumatoid arthritis face an increased risk of osteoporosis because of:

• Therapy using glucocorticoid medications, which may lead to bone loss.
  
  
• Immobility resulting from the discomfort and impairment of joint function linked to the ailment.
  
• Bone reduction caused by the physiology associated with rheumatoid arthritis, which is more evident in regions surrounding the impacted joints.
  

According to a 2020 study, individuals having osteoporosis along with rheumatoid arthritis have a greater likeability to suffer from fractures. Due to such significant connection between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis, the researchers now suggest employing various methods to assess bone density in cases diagnosed early.

Alternative tests for diagnosing arthritis

In addition to a physical examination, physicians employ the following tests to identify arthritis:

• Imaging examinations: These assessments search for inflammation and erosion in the joints. Typical imaging examinations consist of X-rays, but they can also include ultrasounds and MRIs.
  
  
• Electrodiagnostic test: Signify an interruption in the electrical function of the nerves.
  
  
• Blood tests: According to older research, some blood tests are necessary to help diagnose certain types of arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis.
  
  
• Fluid and tissue tests: These tests analyse joint fluid or involve a tissue biopsy from the skin or muscle.
  
  
• Bone profile blood test: It helps examine the levels of calcium, phosphate, albumin, and alkaline phosphatase. Additionally, it assesses uric acid levels, serving as a beneficial indicator of bone health.

Other uses of bone density test

• Postmenopausal females who do not take oestrogen
• Postmenopausal females who have a height of 5 foot 7 inches or a weight of 125 pounds
• Males with a condition relating to bone loss, such as kidney disease or rheumatoid arthritis
• Females who are 65 years of age or older
  
  

Practitioners also advise it for those who:

• Have a family history of smoking, pelvic fractures
• Have medicines that can cause bone loss, including antiseizure drugs, such as phenytoin, corticosteroids, etc.
• Have high bone turnover
• Have an illness that increases the risk, such as type 1 diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and hyperparathyroidism

 When to contact a doctor?

 The Arthritis Foundation suggests that urgent medical intervention is not needed for mild joint pain. However, if a person any kind of arthritis, timely treatment can help maintain joint function.

With this in mind, an individual should watch for these symptoms:

• Redness and warmth in joints
• Swelling, pain, or stiffness in one or more joints
• Joint tenderness
• Difficulty in moving a joint
  
  

People should also speak with a doctor if they have joint symptoms that last longer than 3 days or experience several symptoms within a month. They can start with a primary care doctor, although some individuals may need to consult with a rheumatologist, specialising in arthritic conditions.

Conclusion

A bone density test does not show arthritis but reveals the health of the bones rather than the joints. Similarly, a bone profile blood test does the same. Doctors use these to diagnose the presence and severity of osteoporosis. Moreover, people with rheumatoid arthritis have a higher likelihood of bone loss due to several factors. Moreover, adverse reactions to a common medication they take can also be a factor, especially for those who experience symptoms multiple times each month. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent some of the damage due to the condition. Several private healthcare clinics offer affordable facilities for determining bone health. Thus, if you experience any bone issues, do not sit back. Contact any of your locally available clinics and book a consultation before it is too late!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

 What does a bone density test entail?

A bone density examination, often referred to as a DXA or DEXA scan, assesses the quantity of minerals in your bones by utilising a minimal dose of X-rays. The examination is conducted to detect osteoporosis (fragile, weak bones) and osteopenia (reduced bone density).

 How is the test conducted?

You lie on your back on a cushioned table as the machine gradually moves over the parts to be examined. The exam is generally free of pain and lasts approximately 15–20 minutes.
 
What actions should I take prior to the exam?
 
You need to refrain from taking calcium supplements for 24–48 hours prior to the test. It’s best to steer clear of wearing metal jewellery or garments with metal components, like buttons or buckles.

 
What are the hazards?

Bone density examinations utilise a minimal amount of radiation and are generally safe for the majority of individuals. Nevertheless, expectant individuals should refrain from undergoing bone density tests, as even minimal radiation exposure could be detrimental to a growing foetus.

What is the significance of the results?

Bone density outcomes are expressed as T-scores or Z-scores. A higher score indicates increased bone density, while a lower number signifies a greater risk of bone fractures.

What are various risk factors for reduced bone density?

Risk factors consist of smoking, high alcohol intake, insufficient physical activity, unhealthy diet, hormonal changes, age, and specific health conditions.