trends in feminization and "juvenilization" of poverty
In an earlier comprehensive study of poverty incidence among African-American
single mothers, Franklin (1992) identified certain key areas that contribute to
the feminization of poverty: changes in the family structure, and changes in the
structure of labor force participation of Black women. Tiamiyu and Mitchell
(2001) addressed feminization of poverty in terms of the obstacles women face
while trying to become self-sufficient; and how women attempt to overcome these
obstacles while relying on government aid (welfare support) to pursue strategies
such as attending college to earn a degree. The study shows how this group of
women now faces a major obstacle with a recent reform in the welfare system; and
offer some suggestions as to how policies and practices tiffany engagement rings
of institutions of higher education can help female students on welfare and
thereby reduce the degree of feminization of poverty in the United
States.
Blanchi (1999) found that trends in feminization and "juvenilization" of poverty increased for women in general during the 1970s, but decreased for working-age women in the early 1980s (and that relative risks of poverty increased for children between the 1970s and 1990s, particularly in comparison with the elderly). tiffany sale Four factors were determined as central to these trends: (1) that the increase in women's employment and decline in the gender wage gap enhanced the likelihood that women remained above the (official) poverty level.
(2) that the decline in manufacturing employment tiffany on sale and "family wage" jobs for men increased the likelihood that less-educated men (and their families) fell into poverty during the early 1980s - and that these two factors combined to halt the feminization of poverty among the working-age population; (3) that the increase in "nonmarriage" elevated the proportion of single parents who were young, never-married mothers and complicated the collection of child support from nonresident fathers - this tended to concentrate poverty in mother-child families; and (4) public transfers of income, especially Social Security, were far more effective in alleviating poverty among the elderly than among children - a factor that dramatically increased the feminization and juvenilization of poverty after 1970.
Blanchi (1999) found that trends in feminization and "juvenilization" of poverty increased for women in general during the 1970s, but decreased for working-age women in the early 1980s (and that relative risks of poverty increased for children between the 1970s and 1990s, particularly in comparison with the elderly). tiffany sale Four factors were determined as central to these trends: (1) that the increase in women's employment and decline in the gender wage gap enhanced the likelihood that women remained above the (official) poverty level.
(2) that the decline in manufacturing employment tiffany on sale and "family wage" jobs for men increased the likelihood that less-educated men (and their families) fell into poverty during the early 1980s - and that these two factors combined to halt the feminization of poverty among the working-age population; (3) that the increase in "nonmarriage" elevated the proportion of single parents who were young, never-married mothers and complicated the collection of child support from nonresident fathers - this tended to concentrate poverty in mother-child families; and (4) public transfers of income, especially Social Security, were far more effective in alleviating poverty among the elderly than among children - a factor that dramatically increased the feminization and juvenilization of poverty after 1970.
Advertise on APSense
This advertising space is available.
Post Your Ad Here
Post Your Ad Here
Comments