1st International Symposium on Deuterium Depletion was held on 13-14 May 2010 in Budapest, Hungary. The conference programme focused on the advances in the research and clinical application of deuterium depletion, its present and future role in anticancer research and oncotherapy, diabetes research and anti-aging. The conference's goal was to provide a scientific forum for all stakeholders of this new field of science and enable the interactive exchange of state-of-the-art knowledge. The conference focused on the evidence-based benefits of deuterium depletion, confirmed its significant antitumor effect, and suggested its application in other indication fields.