Childhood Cancers - Symptoms and Diagnosis

Diagnosing childhood cancers involves a series of steps that aim to identify the type of cancer, its location, and its stage (extent of spread). The diagnostic process for childhood cancer typically includes the following: Medical History and Physical Examination: The process often begins with a thorough medical history interview with the child and their family. The healthcare provider will ask about the child's symptoms, family medical history, and any relevant information. A physical examination is conducted to assess the child's overall health and look for signs of illness, including lumps, swelling, or other abnormalities. Blood Tests: Blood tests may be performed to check for abnormalities in blood cell counts and other markers. Abnormalities in blood counts can be indicative of certain types of childhood cancer, such as leukemia. Imaging Studies: Various imaging tests may be ordered to visualize the inside of the body and determine the location and extent of the tumor. Common imaging studies include: X-rays: X-rays can provide information about bone abnormalities or masses. Ultrasound: Ultrasound uses sound waves to create images of organs and tissues and is often used to examine the abdomen or pelvis. CT (Computed Tomography) Scan: CT scans provide detailed cross-sectional images of the body and are helpful for assessing the size and location of tumors. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): MRI scans use magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of soft tissues and are especially useful for assessing brain and spinal cord tumors. PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan: PET scans can help determine if cancer has spread to other parts of the body by detecting areas with increased metabolic activity. Biopsy: A biopsy is the definitive way to confirm a cancer diagnosis. During a biopsy, a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor is removed and examined under a microscope by a pathologist. There are different types of biopsies, including needle biopsies, surgical biopsies, and bone marrow biopsies, depending on the location of the tumor. Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy: In cases of suspected leukemia or certain types of lymphoma, a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy may be performed to examine the bone marrow cells for signs of cancer. Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap): For tumors located in or near the brain or spinal cord, a lumbar puncture may be done to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the spinal canal. This can help assess if cancer cells are present in the CSF. Genetic and Molecular Testing: Some childhood cancers have specific genetic or molecular markers that can be identified through specialized tests. These tests can help determine the most appropriate treatment approach. Staging: If cancer is confirmed, further tests may be performed to determine the stage of the cancer, which helps guide treatment decisions. Staging involves assessing the size of the tumor, whether it has spread to nearby lymph nodes, and whether it has metastasized (spread) to other parts of the body. Once a definitive diagnosis and staging have been established, a treatment plan is developed, which may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches. The specific treatment plan will depend on the type of cancer, its stage, and the child's overall health. Pediatric oncologists, who specialize in treating childhood cancers, play a crucial role in designing and overseeing the child's treatment. Get the best tHere are some common symptoms associated with childhood cancer: Unexplained Weight Loss: Sudden and unexplained weight loss in a child can be a sign of various underlying health issues, including cancer. Fatigue and Weakness: Persistent fatigue and weakness that do not improve with rest can be a symptom of some childhood cancers. Persistent Fever: A prolonged or recurrent fever, especially without an obvious cause, may be a warning sign. Pain: Unexplained and persistent pain in bones or joints, headaches, or abdominal pain can be indicative of childhood cancer. Swelling or Lumps: Swelling or lumps in the abdomen, neck, armpit, or groin area can be a sign of cancer, particularly lymphoma or leukemia. Changes in Vision: Changes in vision, such as crossed eyes or a white glow in the eye (cat's eye reflex), may be associated with retinoblastoma, a rare eye cancer in children. Changes in Balance or Coordination: Loss of balance, coordination problems, or changes in walking patterns may be related to brain or spinal cord tumors. Persistent Infections: Frequent or severe infections, like repeated ear or lung infections, may be a sign of leukemia, as it can affect the immune system. Changes in Skin: Skin changes, such as unusual moles, rashes, or bruises that do not heal, can sometimes be associated with skin cancer or other cancers.