Structural Analysis and Design Considerations

by Engineering Geek Expert in industrial engineering including piping, The core and backbone of all constructions, large and small, is structural engineering. Structural design studies a structure's stability, strength, and rigidity in an organized manner. The primary purpose of structural analysis and design is to construct a structure that can sustain all applied loads for the duration of its intended life.

Two of the most significant aspects of home construction are structural engineering and design. When actual applied loads exceed structure design specifications, or structures are poorly fabricated/designed, the structures are more likely to fail to perform their intended tasks, with potentially disastrous effects. As a result, you must proceed with your structure's analysis as the structural analysis and design engineer prescribed.

In this article, I will cover the important factors in structural analysis and design, such as load considerations, design code and standards, framing, and schedule that must be kept in mind for a successful project.

Load Considerations:-
This analysis must be included in the structural analysis and design as the structure's occupancy type, as well as its height, will have an impact on load concerns. Depending on the function of the structure, standards and building codes can be used to estimate the structure's weight. The structure is investigated to understand how the loads acting on it influence the structure's component elements once the loads operating on it are understood. The loads to be taken into consideration include:

• Dead Load: The weight of a building's structural parts, such as beams, walls, roof, and structural flooring components, are examples of dead loads, also known as permanent or static loads, that remain constant over time. Permanent non-structural dividers, immovable fixtures, and even built-in cupboards can be considered dead loads in residential homes.
• Live Load: Live loads are movable or moving loads that have not experienced any acceleration or impact. These loads are supposed to be generated by the building's planned usage or occupancy, including the weights of moveable walls or furniture, among other things. The number of live loads varies from time to time. The designer must appropriately assume these loads for the safe design of the building by considering the factor of safety as prescribed by the building codes.
• Wind Load: The movement of the wind relative to a structure can apply wind loads. Wind load may not be a major worry for small, large, low-rise structures, but it becomes more important when buildings rise in height, lighter materials are used, and shapes that alter airflow, such as roof forms, are used.
• Seismic Load: A building is subjected to both vertical and horizontal earthquake stresses. The overall vibration can be divided into three mutually perpendicular directions, commonly referred to as vertical and horizontal. The forces in the superstructure are not significantly affected by vertical movement. However, the horizontal displacement of the building during an earthquake must be taken into account when designing.

Engineering software can be used by structural engineers to evaluate many sorts of structures. It's usually good to double-check the software's accuracy with first-principles understanding and fundamental structural analysis formulas. The structural analysis software's forces and stresses can be used to design the primary structural elements, such as the floor system, vertical supports, foundations, and other parts of the building.

Design Code and Standards:-
Each country has its building codes or standards that must be followed for safety. Some of these are:

Indian Codes-

• IS 456:2000  Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete (fourth revision)
• IS 457:1957  Code of practice for general construction of plain and reinforced concrete for dams and other massive structures
• IS 1343:2012  Code of practice for prestressed concrete (second revision)
• IS 800:2007  Code of practice for general construction in steel (third revision)
• IS 1893:1984  Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures (fourth revision)
• IS 1893 (Part 1):2002 Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures: Part 1 General Provisions and buildings (fifth revision)
• IS 1893 (Part 4):2005 Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures: Part 4 Industrial structures, including the stack-like structure
• IS 13920:1993 Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic forces- Code of practice
• IS 875(Part 1):1987  Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures Part 1 Dead loads - Unit weights of building material and stored materials (second revision) (Incorporating IS:1911-1967)
• IS 875(Part 2):1987  Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures: Part 2 Imposed loads (second revision)
• IS 875(Part 3):1987  Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures: Part 3 Wind loads (second revision)
• IS 875(Part 4):1987    Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures Part 4 Snow loads (second revision)
• IS 875(Part 5):1987 Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures Part 5 Special loads and load combinations (second revision)
• SP 64(S&T):2001  Explanatory Handbook on Indian Standard Code of practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures: Part 3 Wind Loads [IS 875(Part 3):1987]

British Codes-

• BS 6399 Loading for buildings, British Standards Institution.

      Part 2: 1997 Code of practice for wind loads
      Part 3: 1988 Code of practice for imposed roof loads

• BS 476 Fire tests on building materials and structures, British Standards Institution.
• BS 5493: 1977 Protective coating of iron and steel structures, British Standards Institution.
• BS 3416: 1991 Bitumen base coatings for cold applications, suitable for use in contact with potable water, British Standards Institution.

American Codes-

• ACI 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
• ACI 530/530.1, Building Code Requirements and Specifications for Masonry Structures
• AISC 303, Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges
• AISC 341, Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings
• ANSI/AISC 360, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
• ASCE 7-10, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
• ASCE 37, Design Loads on Structures During Construction

International Code Council (ICC)

• International Building Code

Metal Building Manufacturers Association (MBMA)

• Metal Building Systems Manual

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

• NFPA 5000, Building Construction and Safety Code

Framing-
You may also ensure a construction's safety by selecting the proper structural framing. Structures made up of vertical and horizontal elements are known as frames. The horizontal parts are called beams, and the vertical members are called columns. In addition, the two types of frames are sway and non-sway frames. A sway frame allows for sideward or lateral movement, whereas a non-sway frame does not allow for horizontal movement. The sway frames' lateral movement is taken into account in their examination. Rigid and flexible frames are two different types of frames. A stiff frame has fixed joints, whereas a flexible frame has moveable joints. Knowing the correct frames is important for structural design, and BIM technology can determine the right frame in addition to footing design, orientations, beam dimensions, slab thickness, and other factors.

Schedule-
Any development project's structural planning is considered an essential component. The ultimate performance of a building is dependent on the efforts of all project participants working together. It is a resource for the project manager, on-site team, engineers, and other project stakeholders. To guarantee that every aspect is accounted for in the overall timetable, comprehensive engagement amongst all stakeholders is required at this stage. After completing all analysis and designs, a structural markup includes the design, schedule, and budget.

Conclusion
All projects require structural engineering teams to bring extensive experience, results-oriented designs and solutions, and a time-sensitive, client-focused approach. When building or planning a project, several guidelines must be observed. Before even beginning a project plan and obtaining licenses to begin the plan sustainably, various environmental, social, economic, technological, and political considerations must be considered. A structural plan guarantees that these principles have been followed and that the required licenses have been secured or are listed so that they may be obtained promptly.

Sponsor Ads

• Ad Space Available - Rent it Now!

Created on Nov 14th 2022 03:52. Viewed 157 times.

Comments