An Exam We Wish You Always Pass With Flying Colours – The One For Breast Cancer
by Loginto Health Loginto healthThe breast is a modified skin appendage which is functional
in females during lactation but is rudimentary in males.
Cancer of the breast is among the commonest human cancer throughout the
world. Its incidence varies in different countries but is particularly high in
developed countries. The incidence of breast cancer is highest in the premenopausal
age group and is uncommon before the age of 25 years.
Clinically, breast cancer usually presents as a solitary, painless,
palpable lump which is detected quite often by self-examination. Higher the
age, the more are the chances of breast lump turning out to be malignant. Thus, all
the breast lumps, irrespective of the age of the patient are removed surgically.
Its diagnosis can be made by techniques like :
·
Mammography
·
Xero – radiography
·
Thermography
·
Fine needle aspiration cytology
· Stereotactic biopsy
Risk factors
1.Geography: The incidence of breast cancer is about 6times higher in
developed countries than developing countries.
2.Genetic factors: First degree relatives (mother, sister, daughter) of women
with breast cancer have 2 to 6 higher risk of development of breast cancer.
3.Oestrogen excess: Excess endogenous estrogen or exogenously administered
estrogen for the prolonged duration is an important factor in the development of
breast cancer.
4.Miscellaneous factors: These include a host of following environmental
influences and dietary factors associated with increased risk of breast cancer
:
·
Consumption of large amounts of animal fats, high
calorie foods.
·
Cigarette smoking.
·
Alcohol consumption.
·
Breast augmentation surgery
·
Exposure to ionizing radiation during breast
development.
5.Fibro cystic changes: Fibrocystic change, particularly when
associated with atypical hyperplasia, has about 5 fold higher risk of
developing breast cancer subsequently.
Cancer of the breast occurs more often in left breast that the right and
is bilateral in about 4% cases.
Histologic grading and clinical staging of breast cancer determines the management
of clinical course in these patients.
The breast cancer is divided into various histologic of grades depending
upon the following parameters :
1. The histologic type of tumor
2. Microscopic
grade
3. Tumor
size
4. Axillary
lymph node metastasis
5. Oestrogen
and progesterone receptors
6. HER2/neu
overexpression
7. DNA
content
The spread of breast cancer to axillary lymph nodes occurs early. Later,
however distant spread by a lymphatic route to internal mammary lymphatics,
mediastinal lymph nodes and pleural lymphatics may occur.
Prognostic factors in breast cancer
1. Potentially
premalignant lesions
2. These
conditions are as under :
3. A
typical ductal hyperplasia is associated with 4 to 5 times increased risk than
women of the same age. Such lesions are commonest in the age group of 45 to 55
years.
4. Clinging
carcinoma is a related lesion in the duct but different from carcinoma in situ
and has a lower risk of progression to invasive cancer than in situ carcinoma.
5. Fibro
adenoma is a long – term risk factor for invasive breast cancer, the risks
being about twice compared to controls.
6. Invasive
breast cancer: prognostic are predictive factors for invasive breast cancers
are:
1.Routine histopathology criteria
2.Hormone receptor status
3.Biological indicators
Overall, taking the most important parameter of breast cancer, the prognosis varies – a localised form of breast cancer without axillary lymph node involvement has a survival rate of 84% while the survival rate falls to 56% with nodal metastasis. You can consult the team of an oncologist at Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai for the treatment of cancer.
Dr Suresh Advani at Jaslok Hospital is one of the most experienced oncologists in our
country. Dr. Suresh Advani is a medical oncologist which means that he will
examine the patient and decide if the patient can be cured through medicines,
radiation or would need a surgery or a combination of these treatments. Dr
Suresh Advani also specializes in bone marrow transplants at Jaslok Hospital
which is the last treatment resort in extremely severe cases.
Dr. Suresh Advani is a recipient of the Padma Bhushan and has an experience of over 40 years in the field.
The Jaslok Hospital Mumbai is a hospital with a very reputable standing
of over 40 years and has a well-established team of cancer specialists under
the guidance of Dr. Suresh Advani. Jaslok Hospital also has the nuclear medicine
department where state of the art tests are conducted to see the extent and the
severity of some types of cancer and patients all across Mumbai and Maharashtra
come here because of the reliability of the tests being conducted. Jaslok
Hospital is both NABH and NABL accredited.
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Created on Oct 4th 2019 02:01. Viewed 391 times.